Right To Education

History

What is the oldest written source in this country that mentions this right? BUILD IN COLLAPSE EXPAND TOGGLE

Qatar

The first mention of the right to education in Qatar is in its constitution, which states, “Education is a right to every citizen. The State endeavors to achieve compulsory and free public education, according to the rules and laws in force in the State” (Qatar Constitution, 2003, Article 49).

Source: Qatar Constitution, 2003, Article 49

Romania

The first time the right to education is mentioned in Romania is in the constitution, which says, “The right to education is ensured through compulsory general education, high school and vocational education, higher education, and other forms of instruction and advanced training” (Romanian Constitution, 1991, Article 32).

Source: Romanian Constitution, 1991, Article 32

Russia

Article 43 of the Russian constitution is the first mention of the right to education in Russia, stating “Everyone shall have the right to education” (Russian Constitution, 1993, Article 43).

Source: Russian Constitution, 1993, Article 43

Rwanda

The first mention of the right to education in Rwanda is in the constitution, which says, “Every Rwandan has the right to education” (Rwandan Constitution, 2003, Article 20).

Source: Rawandan Constitution, 2003, Article 20

Saint Kitts and Nevis

The first mentions of the right to education in Saint Kitts and Nevis is in the Education Act of 2005, which says “Subject to available resources, all persons are entitled to receive an educational programme appropriate to their needs in accordance with the provisions of this Act” (Education Act of 2005, 2005, 12).

Source: Education Act of 2005, 2005, page 12

Saint Lucia

The Education Act of 1999 is the first mention of the right to education in Saint Lucia. This Act states, “Subject to available resources, all persons are entitled to receive an educational programme appropriate to their needs in accordance with this Act” (Education Act of 1999, 1999, 22).

Source: Education Act 1999, 1999, page 22

Saint Vincent and the Grenadines

The first document that mentions the right to education in Saint Vincent and the Grenadines is the Education Bill of 2005. This bill states under the section “Division 1 Students’ Rights and Responsibilities” that one of the rights of the students is the “right to education” (Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Education Bill 2005, 2005, 2).

Source: Saint Vincent and the Grenadines Education Bill 2005, 2005, page 2

Samoa

There is currently no mention of the right to education in Samoa.

San Marino

There is currently no mention of the right to education in the country of San Marino.

São Tomé and Príncipe

The São Tomé and Príncipe constitution is the first mention of the right to education in the country. Article 55 of the constitution states, “Education, as a right recognized to all the citizens, strives for the whole formation of man and his active participation in the community” (São Tomé and Príncipe Constitution, 1975, Article 55).

Source: São Tomé and Príncipe Constitution, 1975, Article 55

Saudi Arabia

The oldest source that mentions the right to education in Saudi Arabia is the constitution, which states, “The State shall provide public education and shall commit itself to the eradication of illiteracy” (Saudi Arabia Constitution, 1992, Article 30).

Source: Saudi Arabia Constitution, 1992, Article 30

Senegal

The first document that mentions the right to education in Senegal is the constitution, which states, “The Republic of Senegal guarantees to all citizens the fundamental individual freedoms, the economic and social rights as well as the collective rights. These freedoms and rights are notably: … the right to education” (Senegal Constitution, 2001, Article 8).

Source: Senegal Constitution, 2001, Article 8

Serbia

The oldest document in Serbia that mentions the right to education is their constitution. Article 71 of their constitution states, “Everyone shall have the right to education. Primary education is mandatory and free, whereas secondary education is free. All citizens shall have access under equal conditions to higher education” (Serbia Constitution, 2006, Article 71).

Source: Serbia Constitution, 2006, Article 71

Seychelles

The constitution of Seychelles is the first mention of the right to education, stating, “The State recognises the right of every citizen to education” (Seychelles Constitution, 1993, Section 33).

Source: Seychelles Constitution, 1993, Section 33

Sierra Leone

The first mention of the right to education in Sierra Leone is in their constitution, which states “The Government shall direct its policies towards ensuring that there are equal rights and adequate educational opportunities for all citizens at all levels” (Sierra Leone Constitution, 1991, Section 9).

Source: Sierra Leone Constitution, 1991, Section 9

Singapore

There is currently no mention of the right to education in Singapore.

Slovakia

The constitution of Slovakia is the first document that mentions the right to education in this country, which states “Every person shall have the right to education. School attendance is compulsory. Length of attendance shall be fixed by law” (Slovakia Constitution, 1992, Article 42).

Source: Slovakia Constitution, 1992, Article 42

Slovenia

The first document that mentions the right to education in Slovenia is the constitution, stating “Freedom of education shall be guaranteed. Primary education is compulsory and shall be financed from public funds. The state shall create the opportunities for citizens to obtain a proper education” (Slovenia Constitution, 1991, Article 57).

Source: Slovenia Constitution, 1991, Article 57

Solomon Islands

There is currently no mention of the right to education in the Solomon Islands.

Somalia

The constitution of Somalia is the first document that mentions the right to education, stating “Education is a basic right for all Somali citizens” (Somalia Constitution, 2012, Article 30).

Source: Somalia Constitution, 2012, Article 30

South Africa

Article 29 of the constitution of South Africa is the first written document in the country mentioning the right to education, stating “Everyone has the right- a. to a basic education, including adult basic education; and b. to further education, which the state, through reasonable measures, must make progressively available and accessible” (South Africa Constitution, 1996, Section 29).

Source: South Africa Constitution, 1996, Section 29

South Korea

Article 31 of the constitution of South Korea is the first mention of the right to education in the country, stating “All citizens shall have an equal right to an education corresponding to their abilities” (South Korea Constitution, 1948, Article 31).

Source: South Korea Constitution, 1948, Article 31

South Sudan

The South Sudan constitution of 2011 is the first document in this country that mentions the right to education. It says, “Education is a right for every citizen and all levels of government shall provide access to education without discrimination as to religion, race, ethnicity, health status including HIV/AIDS, gender or disability” (South Sudan Constitution, 2011, Article 29).

Source: South Sudan Constitution, 2011, Article 29

Spain

The first mention of the right to education in Spain comes in its constitution, which says “. Everyone has the right to education. Freedom of teaching is recognized” (Spain Constitution, 1978, Section 27).

Source: Spain Constitution, 1978, Section 27

Sri Lanka

The earliest mention of the right to education in Sri Lanka is in the constitution, which says “the complete eradication of illiteracy and the assurance to all persons of the right to universal and equal access to education at all levels” (Sri Lanka Constitution, 1978, Section 27).

Source: Sri Lanka Constitution, 1978, Section 27

Sudan

The constitution is the first document in Sudan that mentions the right to education, stating “Education is a right for every citizen. The state guarantees access thereto without discrimination on the basis of religion, race, ethnicity, gender or disability” (Sudan Constitution, 2019, Section 62).

Source: Sudan Constitution, 2019, Section 62

Suriname

The earliest mention of the right to education in Suriname is the constitution, which states “Everyone shall have the right to education and cultural expression” (Suriname Constitution, 1987, Article 38).

Source: Suriname Constitution, 1987, Article 38

Sweden

The constitution of Sweden is the earliest mention of the right to education in the country, stating “All children covered by compulsory schooling shall be entitled to a free basic education in the public education system. The public institutions shall be responsible also for the provision of higher education” (Sweden Constitution, 1974, Article 18).

Source: Sweden Constitution, 1974, Article 18

Switzerland

The earliest document that mentions the right to education in Switzerland is the constitution, which says “The right to an adequate and free basic education is guaranteed” (Switzerland Constitution, 1999, Article 19).

Source: Switzerland Constitution, 1999, Article 19

Syria

The earliest mention of the right to education in Syria is in the constitution. Article 29 says “Education shall be a right guaranteed by the state, and it is free at all levels. The law shall regulate the cases where education could not be free at universities and government institutes” (Syria Constitution, 2012, Article 29).

Source: Syria Constitution, 2012, Article 29

Philosophical Origins

What have religious and philosophical traditions contributed to our understanding of this right?

Social Darwinism

    Social Darwinism was a philosophical field of thought that “believed that the processes of natural selection acting on variations in the population would result in the survival of the best competitors and in continuing improvement in population. Societies were viewed as organisms that evolve in this manner” (Encyclopedia Britannica, 2021). William Graham Sumner, from the United States, and Herbert Spencer, from Hebert Spencer from England, were the two most prominent philosophers of social darwinism. Of these men, Herbert Spencer was most involved with the right to education. Two of Herbert Spencer’s books, Man Versus the States and Essays on Education and Kindred Subjects touch on the topic of education. 
    Tienken, in his article “Neoliberalism, Social Darwinism, and Consumerism Masquerading as School Reform”, writes “In education policy social Darwinism is visible through the use of one-size-fits-all mandated curricula standards and the use of results from mandated standardized testing to make important decisions about children and teachers” (Tienken, 2013, 305). Because of ‘survival of the fittest’ being one of the main points of social Darwinism, these philosophers often want to see what happens when students are all given access to the same schooling and curriculum and who comes out on top after that. 
    Spencer, in his book, Man Versus the State, writes “There is a rising demand, too, that education shall be made gratis (i.e., tax supported), for all. The payment of school-fees is beginning to be denounced as a wrong: the State must take the whole burden” (Spencer, 1916, 22). During Spencer’s lifetime there was a push to make education free for all, by making it be funded by tax dollars. This would, in turn, ensure that more children would have the right to an education. 
    In Essays on Education and Kindred Subjects, Spencer writes, “The notion that an ideal humanity might be forthwith produced by a perfect system of education, is near akin to that implied in the poems of Shelley, that would mankind give up their old institutions and prejudices, all the evils in the world would at once disappear” (Spencer, 1911 86). Social Darwinists believed in ‘survival of the fittest’, a term originally coined by Spencer himself. Thus, these philosophers believed that it was possible that the ideal version of society could be created via the use of education. 

Sources:

Herbert Spencer, The Man Versus the State, Truxton Beale, ed., New York, 1916

Herbert Spencer, Essays on Education and Kindred Subjects, London & Toronto, 1911

Encyclopedia Britannica, “social Darwinism”, 2021, https://www.britannica.com/topic/social-Darwinism (accessed 22 March 2022)

Christopher H. Tienken, “Neoliberalism, Social Darwinism, and Consumerism Masquerading as School Reform” Interchange (March 2013) 295-316

Utilitarian / Fairness Assessments

Is there a cost attached to protecting and enforcing this right? What kinds of costs are implicated?

As of 2022, the United States spends $586.4 billion dollars on K-12 education, which equates to about $14,455 per student (Education Data Initiative). This cost covers the cost of paying teachers and other school staff, as well as textbooks and school supplies. This money helps to provide the resources necessary to ensure that all students can receive the right to an education. Other costs that may be associated with protecting and enforcing the right to education are court costs. When cases go to court regarding the right to education, such as Wisconsin v. Yoder, there are court costs associated, such as the cost of lawyers and judges, to protect the right to education.

Sources: Melanie Hanson, “U.S. Public Education Spending Statistics” Education Data Initiative, https://educationdata.org/public-education-spending-statistics (accessed 28 March 2022).

Short-term economic cost in general

The short-term economic cost of the right to education is the cost it takes to run a school on a daily basis.

Long-term economic cost in general

The long-term economic cost of the right to education is the cost that it makes to run a school on a yearly basis, and beyond that.