Monaco

Monaco

Right	Section	Contents
Freedom of Association	History	Monaco’s constitution, first adopted in 1911 and then heavily revised in 1962, protects the right to freedom of association in the country. Article 30 states that freedom of association is guaranteed by law, though subject to regulation of law (Monaco 1911). Monaco. “Constitution of the Principality of Monaco” Council of Europe 1911 https://www.venice.coe.int/webforms/documents/default.aspx?pdffile=CDL-REF(2013)021-e
Freedom of Expression	History	In Monaco's original 1911 Constitution, Title II guaranteed several rights to be protected by the constitution. Article 10, Title II declares “Liberty of religion and of its public exercise, as well as freedom to express opinions on all matters, are guaranteed, except that offenses committed on the occasion of the use of these liberties may be suppressed.” Sources: “Northwestern SSO.” n.d. Prd-Nusso.it.northwestern.edu. Accessed June 7, 2024. https://heinonline-org.turing.library.northwestern.edu/HOL/Page?collection=cow&handle=hein.beal/connat0 002&id=475&men_tab=srchresults.
Freedom of Religion	History	Article 10 of Monaco’s 1911 Constitution contains the first assertion of freedom of religion in the country’s history. The document was then heavily revised in 1962 and remains in use to this day. In the 1962 Constitution, Article 23 grants religious freedom. Article 9 declares Catholicism the official state religion. “Constitution of Monaco.” World Constitutions Illustrated. Accessed July 27, 2023. https://heinonline.org/HOL/P?h=hein.beal/connat0002&i=474 Prince Rainer III and National Council of Monaco. Princely Government of the Principality of Monaco . Princely Government of the Principality of Monaco , 2002. Last modified 2002. Accessed June 21, 2022. https://en.gouv.mc/Government-Institutions/Institutions/Constitution-of-the-Principality#eztoc1036069_1.
Freedom of the Press	History	Monaco’s earliest protections of press freedom began with the adoption of the 1848 Constitution (Ferrari 2019, p. 33). Today, Article 23 of Monaco’s 1962 Constitution protects freedom of expression, but also includes press freedom protections: “ Freedom of religion and of public worship, and freedom to express one’s opinions in all matters, is guaranteed, subject to the right to prosecute any offences committed in the exercise of the said freedoms" Constitute Project, “Monaco’s Constitution of 1962 with Amendments through 2002” ).
Privacy Rights	History	The 1962 constitution, still in force today, protects the home in Article 21 and the general right to privacy in Article 22. Article 22 calls out private and family life as well as correspondence (Constitute Project, “Monaco 1962 rev 2002” ). https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Monaco_ 2002? lang=en
Voting Rights and Suffrage	History	According to Globalsecurity.org, "It is by the 1911 Constitution that Monegasques acquired the right to elect their representatives." W.F. Dodd noted in 1911 offered this characterization of the 1911 Monaco Constitution: "A single-chambered legislative body elected by universal male suffrage is established, and thus the appearance of constitutional government is assumed, while the reigning prince retains the substance of power." Article 53 of the 1962 Constitution holds that the 24 members of The National Council are elected by direct universal suffrage. Electors are Monegasque citizens, of either gender, who have reached 18 years of age. https://www.globalsecurity.org/military/world/europe/mc-nc.htm (Constitute Project, “Monaco’s Constitution of 1962 with Amendments through 2002” ): https://www.constituteproject.org/constitution/Monaco_2002 Dodd, W. F. “Constitutional Developments in Foreign Countries During 1910.” The American Political Science Review 5, no. 3 (1911): 426.